Impact Of Resistance Exercise Research Articles

Impact of resistance exercise on patients with chronic kidney disease

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) has become an increasingly important public health disease with a high incidence rate and mortality. Although several studies have explored the effectiveness of resistance exercise in improving the prognosis of CKD patients, the number of studies is still limited and the results are still controversial.ObjectivesWe conducted this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) studies to evaluate the effectiveness of resistance exercise on CKD patients.MethodsThe PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from the inception date to October 2023. The meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate 12 main indicators, including glomerular filtration rate (GFR)(ml/(min•1.73m2)), C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/L), serum creatinine (mg/dL), hemoglobin (g/dL), Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Type A1C (HBA1c) (%), high Density Lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dL), low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dL), 6-min walk(m), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), fat-free mass (kg), fat mass (kg), grip strength (kgf).ResultsSixteen RCT studies were included in this meta-analysis from 875 records. GFR exhibited no significant change in CKD patients treated with resistance exercise (WMD 1.82; 95%CI -0.59 to 4.23; P = 0.139). However, 6-min walk (WMD 89.93; 95%CI 50.12 to 129.74; P = 0.000), fat-free mass (WMD 6.53; 95%CI 1.14 to 11.93; P = 0.018) and grip strength (WMD 3.97; 95%CI 1.89 to 6.05; P = 0.000) were significantly improved with resistance exercise. The level of CRP (WMD − 2.46; 95%CI -4.21 to -0.72; P = 0.006) and HBA1c (WMD − 0.46; 95%CI -0.63 to -0.29; P = 0.000) dropped significantly after resistance exercise treatment.ConclusionsResistance exercise can improve physical function, metabolic condition, inflammatory response and cardiopulmonary function in CKD patients, specifically reflected in the increase of indicators fat-free mass, grip strength, 6-min walk, as well as the decrease of indicators HBA1c and CRP.

The effect of resistance exercise on the immune cell function in humans: A systematic review.

Resistance exercise is beneficial for the immune system, including decreased susceptibility to infections and improved effectiveness of vaccinations. This review aims to provide a systematic analysis of the literature regarding the impact of resistance exercise on immune cells in the blood circulation. The protocol of this review followed the PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020157834). PubMed and Web-of-Science were systematically searched for relevant articles. Outcomes were divided into two categories: 1) inflammatory gene expression or secretion of inflammation-related cytokines and 2) other aspects such as cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, phagocytosis, and redox status. Thirty intervention studies were included in this review, of which 11 articles were randomized controlled trials and six non-randomized controlled trials. Although only resistance exercise interventions were included, there was a high heterogeneity regarding specific exercise modalities. The most frequently studied outcome measures were the gene and protein expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This review reveals that already one acute exercise bout activates the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway in PBMC. Although resistance exercise induces an acute cytosolic oxidative stress response, the antioxidant enzyme expression is improved after resistance training period. Natural killer cell activity increases in older but decreases in younger adults immediately after a resistance exercise bout. Moreover, resistance exercise improves neutrophil phagocytic activity. Finally, effects on lymphocyte proliferation remain unclear. The results of this systematic review demonstrate that resistance exercise has beneficial effects on several aspects of immune cell function both in young and older individuals. Acute changes in immune cell function occur already after a single bout of resistance exercise. However, regular resistance training during several weeks seems necessary to obtain beneficial adaptations that can be related to better immunity and reduced inflammation. The effects documented in this review confirm the beneficial effects of resistance exercise in young as well as older persons on the immune cell function.

The Impact of Resistance Exercise on Muscle Mass in Glioblastoma in Survivors (RESIST): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundGlioblastoma is the most common primary brain malignancy in adults, accounting for approximately 48% of all brain tumors. Standard treatment includes radiation and temozolomide chemotherapy. Glioblastomas are highly vascular and can cause vasogenic brain edema and mass effect, which can worsen the neurologic symptoms associated with the disease. The steroid dexamethasone (DEX) is the treatment of choice to reduce vasogenic edema and intracranial pressure associated with glioblastoma. However high-dose DEX or long-term use can result in muscle myopathy in 10%-60% of glioblastoma patients, significantly reducing functional fitness and quality of life (QOL). There is a wealth of evidence to support the use of exercise as an adjuvant therapy to improve functional ability as well as help manage treatment-related symptoms. Specifically, resistance training has been shown to increase muscle mass, strength, and functional fitness in aging adults and several cancer populations. Although studies are limited, research has shown that exercise is safe and feasible in glioblastoma populations. However, it is not clear whether resistance training can be successfully used in glioblastoma to prevent or mitigate steroid-induced muscle myopathy and associated loss of function.ObjectiveThe primary purpose of this study is to establish whether an individualized circuit-based program will reduce steroid-induced muscle myopathy, as indicated by maintained or improved functional fitness for patients on active treatment and receiving steroids.MethodsThis is a 2-armed, randomized controlled trial with repeated measures. We will recruit 38 adult (≥18 years) patients diagnosed with either primary or secondary glioblastoma who are scheduled to receive standard radiation and concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy postsurgical debulking and received any dose of DEX through the neurooncology clinic and the Nova Scotia Health Cancer Center. Patients will be randomly allocated to a standard of care waitlist control group or standard of care + circuit-based resistance training exercise group. The exercise group will receive a 12-week individualized, group and home-based exercise program. The control group will be advised to maintain an active lifestyle. The primary outcome, muscle myopathy (functional fitness), will be assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery and hand grip strength. Secondary outcome measures will include body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, QOL, fatigue, and cognitive function. All measures will be assessed pre- and postintervention. Participant accrual, exercise adherence, and safety will be assessed throughout the study.ResultsThis study has been funded by the Canadian Cancer Society Atlantic Cancer Research Grant and the J.D. Irving Limited–Excellence in Cancer Research Fund (grant number 707182). The protocol was approved by the Nova Scotia Health and Acadia University’s Research Ethics Boards. Enrollment is anticipated to begin in March 2022.ConclusionsThis study will inform how individualized circuit-based resistance training may improve functional independence and overall QOL of glioblastoma patients.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrails.gov NCT05116137; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05116137International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/37709

Impact of Resistance Exercise and Nutritional Endorsement on physical performance in patients with GvHD (IRENE-G study) \u2013 design and rational of a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundGraft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains a major complication and limitation to successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Treatment of GvHD is challenging due to its heterogeneous nature of presentation, with steroids remaining the established first-line treatment. Long-term doses of systemic corticosteroids have many well-known side-effects including muscle atrophy. Despite the fact that reports in non-cancer clinical populations treated with glucocorticoids demonstrated that resistance training can reverse atrophy and weakness, no RCT has evaluated the potential of resistance training on preventing the disease- and treatment-induced loss of skeletal muscle mass and function in GvHD patients yet. In this context, ensuring adequate nutrition is important as protein deprivation may accelerate the wasting process. As GvHD patients are commonly found to be malnourished, nutritional medical care should be considered when investigating the effect of exercise in GvHD patients. Therefore, the aim of the present “Impact of Resistance Exercise and Nutritional Endorsement on physical performance in patients with GvHD” – Study (IRENE-G) is to evaluate the effects of resistance exercise in combination with nutritional endorsement on physical, nutritional and patient-reported outcomes in GvHD patients.MethodsIRENE-G is a 24-week prospective interventional RCT. One hundred twelve participants will be randomly allocated (1:1) to one of two arms: resistance exercise and nutritional optimization (experimental) vs. nutritional optimization only (control). Participants in the experimental group will engage in a supervised, progressive moderate-to-high intensity resistance training that is consistent with exercise guidelines for cancer patients, while additionally receiving nutritional support/therapy. Subjects of the control group solely receive nutritional support/therapy based on individual needs. Participants will be assessed at baseline, at 8, 16, 24 weeks for physical performance and various physiological, nutritional and patient-reported outcomes. Follow-up will be 6 months after intervention completion.DiscussionTo our knowledge, this will be the first RCT to assess and compare the effects of a resistance intervention supplemented by nutritional support/therapy against nutritional support only on various health-related outcomes in GvHD patients. The study will contribute to our understanding of the value of exercise and nutritional endorsement in counteracting the negative consequences of GvHD and its treatment.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05111834. Registered 8 November 2021 – Retrospectively registered.

Comparative Study Of Resistance And Aerobic Exercise In Pre-diabetes: An Rct

PURPOSE: Although the benefit of aerobic exercise in IGR is proven, the impact of resistance exercise on IGR is still unclear. Therefore, the differences between aerobic and resistance exercise on IGR was analyzed to provide a theoretical and practical basis for DM prevention and IGR management. METHODS: Single-blind RCT. IGR participants were divided into 3 groups randomly: aerobic exercise (A, n= 26), resistance exercise (R, n= 23), and control (C, n=21). The effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on IGR was analyzed and the relationship with obesity was investigated after 12-weeks intervention. RESULTS: (1) FPG in groups A and R was decreased significantly by 6.17% and 4.81%, and OGTT 2h PG was also decreased significantly by 20.39% and 16.50%. 69.2% in group A showed a decrease in blood glucose level to normal value with a significant difference compared with group C. (2) HOMA2-IR in groups A and R was significantly decreased by 8.34% and 18.31%, with a significant difference compared with group C. 3) A significant decrease of BMI (3.1±3.2 kg/m2, showed a moderately positive correlation with the decreased FPG) and waist (3.1±2.7 cm) was found in group A with a significant difference compared with group C. BMI(1.1±2.9 kg/m2) and waist(1.5±3.8 cm) also decreased significantly in group R, but no significant difference between groups. The change of body composition showed in figure 1. CONCLUSION: (1) Both resistance and aerobic exercise lowered blood glucose and decreased blood glucose to normal level in a large percentage of IGR. (2) Both aerobic and resistance exercise improved IR in IGR. The effect of resistance exercise on IR improvement was superior to that of aerobic exercise. (3) Aerobic exercise lowered weight and waist significantly in IGR, and decreased blood glucose through weight loss. But the improvement of IR by both aerobic and resistance exercise might not be related to the control of obesity. Supported by SGA China (2014B007), Sun Yat-sen University (1709089).

Impact of Resistance Exercise under Hypoxia on Postexercise Hemodynamics in Healthy Young Males.

We investigated the effects of resistance exercise under hypoxia on postexercise hemodynamics in eight healthy young males. The subjects belonged to a track & field club (sprinters, hurdlers, and long jumpers) and engage in regular physical training (1-2 h per day, 3-5 days per week). Each participant performed eight sets of bilateral leg squats with a one-minute interval under normoxia (room air) and hypoxia (13 % FiO2). During a 60-minute recovery, we set normoxic condition either after normoxic or hypoxic exercise. These two experimental protocols (normoxia and hypoxia) were performed in a random order with a one-week washout period. The leg squat exercise consists of 50 % 1-RM (14 repetitions) × 5 sets and 50% 1-RM (repetitions max; 7 repetitions) × 3 sets. The resting period between each set was 1 min, and a total of 91 repetitions were performed. Blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and several biomarkers were measured pre- and postexercise. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) significantly decreased after exercise compared to the pre-exercise values under both conditions (P < 0.05). The MAP at 20 and 30 min of recovery in hypoxia was significantly lower than in normoxia (P < 0.05, respectively). The antidiuretic hormone significantly increased after 60 min of recovery in both conditions; moreover, the values in hypoxia were significantly higher than those in normoxia (P < 0.05). The delta changes in MAP from baseline (pre-exercise) were significantly related to changes in HR from baseline in normoxia (r = 0.560, P < 0.001) but not in hypoxia. These results suggest that the hypoxic condition elicits greater hypotension after resistance exercise in comparison to normoxia. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms for the attenuation of hypotension after resistance exercise may differ between normoxia and hypoxia.

The Impact of Resistance Exercise on Neurotransmission Failure within Trained Participants

The Impact of Resistance Exercise on Neurotransmission Failure within Trained Participants

A comparison of adipose tissue interstitial glucose and venous blood glucose during postprandial resistance exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes

Resistance exercise during the postprandial period lowers venous glucose concentrations in individuals with type 2 diabetes, but the impact of resistance exercise on interstitial glucose concentrations is not well understood. The objective of this study was to compare subcutaneous adipose tissue interstitial glucose and venous blood glucose concentrations during postprandial resistance exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eleven individuals completed two trials in a random order including a no-exercise (NoEx) and a postprandial resistance exercise trial (M-Ex). During the trials, the individuals consumed a meal and either remained sedentary (NoEx) or performed a session of resistance training beginning 45 min after the meal (M-Ex) while interstitial and venous glucose concentrations were simultaneously measured. Venous glucose during exercise was ~11% lower ( P = 0.05) during M-Ex (8.0 ± 0.5 mmol/l) compared with NoEx (9.0 ± 0.5 mmol/l) whereas interstitial glucose during M-Ex (10.4 ± 0.7 mmol/l) was not different compared with interstitial glucose during NoEx (10.1 ± 0.7 mmol/l). Bland-Altman plots revealed that the difference (bias) between interstitial and venous glucose during exercise was more than twofold greater during M-Ex (2.36 ± 2.07 mmol/l) compared with NoEx (1.11 ± 1.69 mmol/l). The mean (33.8 ± 6.2 mmol/l) and median (34.7 ± 6.3 mmol/l) absolute relative difference during exercise were 73% and 78% greater compared with the mean (19.5 ± 4.1 mmol/l) and median (19.5 ± 4.1 mmol/l) absolute relative difference during NoEx ( P = 0.04). Resistance exercise has unequal effects on glucose concentrations within different bodily compartments as exercise reduced venous glucose concentrations but not adipose tissue interstitial glucose concentrations in the abdominal region in individuals with type 2 diabetes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to compare subcutaneous adipose tissue interstitial glucose concentrations and venous blood glucose concentrations during postprandial resistance exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We find that resistance exercise effectively reduces systemic venous blood glucose concentrations but not subcutaneous adipose tissue interstitial glucose concentrations in the abdominal region. Resistance exercise has differential effects on glucose concentrations depending on its compartmentalization within the body.

Does resistance exercise performed during dialysis modulate Nrf2 and NF-κB in patients with chronic kidney disease?

Studies have shown that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) can be modulated by physical exercise. However, the impact of resistance exercise has never been investigated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance exercise programs on the expression of transcription factors Nrf2 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in CKD patients on hemodialysis (HD). Patients on an HD program were randomly assigned to an exercise group of 25 patients (54.5% women, aged 45.7±15.2years and time on dialysis=71.2±45.5months) or a control group of 19 patients who had no exercise intervention (61.5% women, aged 42.5±13.5years and time on dialysis=70.1±49.9months). A strength exercise program was performed 3 times a week during the HD sessions. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and processed for the expression of Nrf2 and NF-κB by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 3months before and after the exercise program. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as the products of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and nitric oxide (NO) were assessed. Nrf2 expression (ranging from 0.86±0.4 to 1.76±0.8) and GPx activity were significantly increased after exercise intervention. In the exercise group, no difference in the levels of NO was observed; however, there was a significant reduction in the control group. In conclusion, these data suggest that resistance exercises seem to be capable of inducing Nrf2 activation in CKD patients on HD.

1575P - Impact of resistance exercise on metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer

1575P - Impact of resistance exercise on metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer

Impact of resistance exercise on metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer.

223 Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in men with prostate cancer. ADT is effective treatment, but can induce loss of skeletal muscle, plus increase central fat, lipids, and insulin resistance. These changes in MetS components may contribute to excess cardiac risk. We tested whether a resistance exercise program, designed to increase skeletal muscle mass, could offset adverse changes in MetS parameters during ADT. Methods: Men on ADT for at least 12 weeks were randomized to exercise (EX) or no exercise (NOEX). EX was supervised, periodized resistance training followed by stretching 3x/week for 12 weeks, 45 min/session. NOEX did home-based stretching 3x/week. Baseline and post-intervention measurements included weight, waist circumference, lean body mass, lipids, insulin, glucose, hsCRP. Quality of life (QOL) was evaluated with FACT-P and BFI, and muscle biopsies were obtained pre- and post-intervention. Mean of changes from baseline were compared between groups using ANCOVA. Results: 24 men (mean age 65; range 49-81) completed protocol with 100% compliance (n = 12 EX, n = 12 NOEX). Baseline PSA ranged from 0 – 8.1 ng/mL and did not change; subjects had been on ADT for a mean of 17 months (range 3-84). In multivariable analysis controlling for baseline muscle mass, age, and ADT duration, the mean change in waist circumference after 12 weeks was significantly different between EX (-2.05 cm +/- 2.82) and NOEX (+0.69 cm +/- 2.01) groups (p = 0.011, t-test). There were no significant differences for other parameters. However, consistent patterns were noted in: mean fasting glucose -4.59 mg/dL in EX compared with +1.12 mg/dL in NOEX (p = 0.21, t-test) and diastolic blood pressure -2.17 mmHg in EX vs +2.0 mmHg in NOEX (p = 0.27, t-test). In the EX group 5/12 had MetS at baseline which remained stable while the NOEX group increased from 2/12 with MetS at baseline to 3/12 post intervention. Analysis of QOL and muscle biopsies are ongoing. Conclusions: Supervised resistance exercise for 12 weeks is feasible and decreases waist circumference in men receiving ADT for prostate cancer. Longer follow-up may reveal additional impacts of resistance training on MetS. Clinical trial information: NCT01909440.

The Impact of Resistance Exercise on Neurotransmission Failure within Trained Participants

The Impact of Resistance Exercise on Neurotransmission Failure within Trained Participants

Impact of resistance exercise on ribosome biogenesis is acutely regulated by post-exercise recovery strategies.

Muscle hypertrophy occurs following increased protein synthesis, which requires activation of the ribosomal complex. Additionally, increased translational capacity via elevated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis has also been implicated in resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The time course of ribosome biogenesis following resistance exercise (RE) and the impact exerted by differing recovery strategies remains unknown. In the present study, the activation of transcriptional regulators, the expression levels of pre-rRNA, and mature rRNA components were measured through 48h after a single-bout RE. In addition, the effects of either low-intensity cycling (active recovery, ACT) or a cold-water immersion (CWI) recovery strategy were compared. Nine male subjects performed two bouts of high-load RE randomized to be followed by 10min of either ACT or CWI. Muscle biopsies were collected before RE and at 2, 24, and 48h after RE. RE increased the phosphorylation of the p38-MNK1-eIF4E axis, an effect only evident with ACT recovery. Downstream, cyclin D1 protein, total eIF4E, upstream binding factor 1 (UBF1), and c-Myc proteins were all increased only after RE with ACT. This corresponded with elevated abundance of the pre-rRNAs (45S, ITS-28S, ITS-5.8S, and ETS-18S) from 24h after RE with ACT. In conclusion, coordinated upstream signaling and activation of transcriptional factors stimulated pre-rRNA expression after RE. CWI, as a recovery strategy, markedly blunted these events, suggesting that suppressed ribosome biogenesis may be one factor contributing to the impaired hypertrophic response observed when CWI is used regularly after exercise.

Transcriptome signature of resistance exercise adaptations: mixed muscle and fiber type specific profiles in young and old adults

This investigation examined the effects of acute resistance exercise (RE), progressive resistance training (PRT), and age on the human skeletal muscle Transcriptome. Two cohorts of young and old adults [study A: 24 yr, 84 yr (n = 28); study B: 25 yr, 78 yr (n = 36)] were studied. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained pre- and 4 h post-RE in conjunction with the 1st and 36th (last) training session as part of a 12-wk PRT program in study A, whereas biopsies were obtained in the basal untrained state in study B. Additionally, the muscle fiber type specific (MHC I and MHC IIa) Transcriptome response to RE was examined in a subset of young and old women from study A. Transcriptome profiling was performed using HG U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays. The main findings were 1) there were 661 genes affected by RE during the 1st and 36th training bout that correlated with gains in muscle size and strength with PRT (termed the Transcriptome signature of resistance exercise adaptations); 2) the RE gene response was most pronounced in fast-twitch (MHC IIa) muscle fibers and provided additional insight into the skeletal muscle biology affected by RE; 3) skeletal muscle of young adults is more responsive to RE at the gene level compared with old adults and age also affected basal level skeletal muscle gene expression. These skeletal muscle Transcriptome findings provide further insight into the molecular basis of sarcopenia and the impact of resistance exercise at the mixed muscle and fiber type specific level.

Effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVEExercise is a cornerstone of diabetes management and the prevention of incident diabetes. However, the impact of the mode of exercise on cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in type 2 diabetes is unclear.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe conducted a systematic review of the literature between 1970 and October 2009 in representative databases for the effect of aerobic or resistance exercise training on clinical markers of CV risk, including glycemic control, dyslipidemia, blood pressure, and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes.RESULTSOf 645 articles retrieved, 34 met our inclusion criteria; most investigated aerobic exercise alone, and 10 reported combined exercise training. Aerobic alone or combined with resistance training (RT) significantly improved HbA1c −0.6 and −0.67%, respectively (95% CI −0.98 to −0.27 and −0.93 to −0.40, respectively), systolic blood pressure (SBP) −6.08 and −3.59 mmHg, respectively (95% CI −10.79 to −1.36 and −6.93 to −0.24, respectively), and triglycerides −0.3 mmol/L (95% CI −0.48 to −0.11 and −0.57 to −0.02, respectively). Waist circumference was significantly improved −3.1 cm (95% CI −10.3 to −1.2) with combined aerobic and resistance exercise, although fewer studies and more heterogeneity of the responses were observed in the latter two markers. Resistance exercise alone or combined with any other form of exercise was not found to have any significant effect on CV markers.CONCLUSIONSAerobic exercise alone or combined with RT improves glycemic control, SBP, triglycerides, and waist circumference. The impact of resistance exercise alone on CV risk markers in type 2 diabetes remains unclear.

Physiologic and molecular bases of muscle hypertrophy and atrophy: impact of resistance exercise on human skeletal muscle (protein and exercise dose effects)This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.

Normally, skeletal muscle mass is unchanged, beyond periods of growth, but it begins to decline in the fourth or fifth decade of life. The mass of skeletal muscle is maintained by ingestion of protein-containing meals. With feeding, muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is stimulated and a small suppression of muscle protein breakdown (MPB) occurs, such that protein balance becomes positive (MPS>MPB). As the postprandial period subsides and a transition toward fasting occurs, the balance of muscle protein turnover becomes negative again (MPB>MPS). Thus, during maintenance of skeletal muscle mass, the long-term net result is that MPS is balanced by MPB. Acutely, however, it is of interest to determine what regulates feeding-induced increases in MPS, since it appears that, in a number of scenarios (for example aging, disuse, and wasting diseases), a suppression of MPS in response to feeding is a common finding. In fact, recent findings point to the fact that loss of skeletal muscle mass with disuse and aging is due not chronic changes in MPS or MPB, but to a blunted feeding-induced rise in MPS. Resistance exercise is a potent stimulator of MPS and appears to synergistically enhance the gains stimulated by feeding. As such, resistance exercise is an important countermeasure to disuse atrophy and to age-related declines in skeletal muscle mass. What is less well understood is how the intensity and volume of the resistance exercise stimulus is sufficient to result in rises in MPS. Recent advances in this area are discussed here, with a focus on human in vivo data.

The Impact of Resistance Exercise and Age on Excess Post- Exercise Oxygen Consumption

The Impact of Resistance Exercise and Age on Excess Post- Exercise Oxygen Consumption

The Impact of Resistance Exercise on the Cognitive Function of the Elderly

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of 24 wk of resistance training at two different intensities on cognitive functions in the elderly. Sixty-two elderly individuals were randomly assigned to three groups: CONTROL (N = 23), experimental moderate (EMODERATE; N = 19), and experimental high (EHIGH; N = 20). The volunteers were assessed on physical, hemodynamic, cognitive, and mood parameters before and after the program. On the 1 RM test (P < 0.001), the two experimental groups performed better than the CONTROL group, but they did not show differences between themselves. The EHIGH group gained more lean mass (P = 0.05) than the CONTROL group and performed better on the following tests: digit span forward (P < 0.001), Corsi's block-tapping task backward (P = 0.001), similarities (P = 0.03), Rey-Osterrieth complex figure immediate recall (P = 0.02), Toulouse-Pieron concentration test errors (P = 0.01), SF-36 (general health) (P = 0.04), POMS (tension-anxiety, P = 0.04; depression-dejection, P = 0.03; and total mood disorder, P = 0.03). The EMODERATE group scored higher means than the CONTROL group on digit span forward (P < 0.001), Corsi's block-tapping task backward (P = 0.01), similarities (P = 0.02), Rey-Osterrieth complex figure immediate recall (P = 0.02), SF-36 (general health, P = 0.005; vitality, P = 0.006), POMS (tension-anxiety, P = 0.001; depression-dejection, P = 0.006; anger-hostility, P = 0.006; fatigue-inertia, P = 0.02; confusion-bewilderment, P = 0.02; and total mood disorder, P = 0.001). We also found that IGF-1 serum levels were higher in the experimental groups (EMODERATE, P = 0.02; EHIGH, P < 0.001). Moderate- and high-intensity resistance exercise programs had equally beneficial effects on cognitive functioning.

Gasto energético e consumo de oxigênio pós-exercício contra-resistência

O aumento do gasto energético com a atividade física é reconhecido como um importante coadjuvante em programas para redução da massa corporal. Porém, o impacto do exercício contra-resistência, incluindo o consumo de oxigênio em excesso pós-exercício sobre o gasto energético ainda é questionável. O objetivo desta revisão foi discutir a influência das variáveis do exercício contra-resistência (isto é, intensidade, intervalo de recuperação, velocidade de execução, número de séries, e modo - circuito ou contínuo) sobre o gasto energético durante e após uma sessão de exercícios, envolvendo uma discussão sobre os possíveis mecanismos do consumo de oxigênio em excesso pós-exercício. As inúmeras possibilidades de combinação entre tais variáveis podem favorecer uma variabilidade bastante grande no gasto energético de uma sessão de exercício contra-resistência (aproximadamente de 3 a 10kcal.min-1). Contudo, o volume total de trabalho parece ser determinante no gasto energético da sessão. O consumo de oxigênio em excesso pós-exercício, por outro lado, parece ser afetado pela intensidade. A manipulação das variáveis do exercício contra-resistência pode afetar os processos metabólicos subjacentes ao consumo de oxigênio em excesso pós-exercício, o que inclui ressíntese dos estoques de fosfato de alta energia, ressaturação da oximioglobina e oxihemoglobina, efeitos termogênicos, remoção de lactato, aumento no turnover protéico, e processos desencadeados pela estimulação simpática. Conclui-se que, para indivíduos destreinados e com sobrepeso, a prescrição de escolha poderia ser a de sessões de baixa intensidade e alto volume. Contudo, para indivíduos treinados, o aumento do gasto energético, a partir da execução de sessões de exercício contra-resistência mais intensas, pode ser adequado, dada a influência da intensidade sobre o consumo de oxigênio em excesso pós-exercício. Dessa forma, para a prescrição dietética, o nutricionista deve considerar e se beneficiar dos efeitos do treinamento com exercício contra-resistência sobre o aumento do gasto energético.

Aging Skeletal Muscle and the Impact of Resistance Exercise

Aging Skeletal Muscle and the Impact of Resistance Exercise